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What effect does the time and temp. of the developer in black and white negative developing have.?
It affects the density of the negatives. If the developer is too cold, or the development time is too short, it will cause the negatives to be "thin", meaning that details are faint and light easily passes through them. This will result in dark pictures. By the way, underexposed film (when you originally took the pictures in the camera) will also cause thin negatives. So sometimes, it's a little tricky to tell whether the film was underexposed or underdeveloped. After you've practiced and had some experience developing film, you can tell the difference between film that was underexposed or underdeveloped. With underdeveloped film, the edge markings and frame numbers will usually look faint.
If your developer gets weak (developing chemicals go bad after a while, when they've been exposed to air), it will also cause underdeveloped film. I made that mistake once, just because I was too cheap and lazy to mix up new developer. If the developer changes color, like to a dark yellow, then you know right away that it's oxidized and you should throw it out and mix new developer.
I've never had the chemicals too warm. Ideally, the chemicals should be at 68 degrees F, but you can be +/- 3 degrees or so and it will be fine. I do know that if you develop for too long, it will overdevelop the film, which will cause dense negatives. It will look like the film was overexposed.
Either underexposed or overexposed (or overdeveloped or underdeveloped) film will cause problems when you try to develop the pictures, especially if you develop pictures the traditional way with an enlarger. You'll still get a useable picture, but it will be tricky.
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